Production of Pure Lipases

Production of Pure Lipases Most Rhizopus lipases described in the literature are produced by their host cells in very small amounts, which is not suitable for large-scale industrial applications. Another drawback of working with native microorganisms is that Rhizopus sp. usually produces different isolipases with different biocatalytic properties, which complicates biocatalytic application with unwanted side effects caused by unrelated enzymes (67). Thus, in order to implement more industrial lipase applications, one of the most promising strategies is to produce heterologous lipases in a host microorganism which have the advantages to minimize the complexity of the bioprocess, to facilitate the more economic production of large quantities of pure lipases and to reduce costs (68). Rhizopus species was mainly divided into three groups, including R. oryzae, R. microsporus, R. stolonifer (69). Until now, the lipase genes from all these three groups have been cloned. Consistent with the proposal that many Rhizopus isolates are actually the same organism (69), nearly complete identities were observed in the lipase genes from the genus Rhizopus. In the R. oryzae group, lipases from R. niveus IFO 9759 (70) (71) (72), R. delemar ATCC34612 (73) (74) and R. javanicus (75) have identical amino acid sequences, and the lipases from R. oryzae ATCC 853 (76, 77) (78) and R. arrhizus L-03-R-1(79) differ by only several substitutions. The lipase from R. stolonifer (GenBank No. AAZ66864.1) and R. chinensis (GenBank No. ABN59381.2)(80) were of about 80% amino acid sequence identity to R. oryzae lipase (GenBank No. BAG16821.1) (Fig). Rhizopus lipases are synthesized as pre-pro-proteins composed of signal sequence, prosequence and mature lipase sequence (76) (80). The production of Rhizopus lipases has been performed in Escherichia coli [8], in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [9] and in Pichia pastoris [10,11]. Due to either different protein post-translational modifications affecting the glycosylation pattern of these lipases, or to proteolytic cleavage products arising from the mature, the pro- or the pre-pro-enzyme, the lipases derived from recombinant strains showed different molecular mass and different enzymatic properties compared with those from wild strains (75) (81). E. coli as host When E. coli was selected as a host, overexpression of R. oryzae prolipase (ProROL) and mature R. oryzae lipase (mROL) was achieved by using E. coli BL321, the heat-inducible vector pCYTEXP1 and the preOmpA sequence to achieve secretion into the periplasmic space (77) (76). Both fusion proteins induced by a temperature shift to 42  °C were correctly processed and translocated to the periplasmic space, but both mROL and ProROL accumulated as insoluble aggregates. Furthermore, the enzyme activity of mROL damages cells even at low concentrations, whereas the expression of active ProROL has no toxic effects on E. coli and the amount of purified active ProROL (103 U/mL) is larger than that of mROL by a factor of more than 100(77). By in vitro refolding of the insoluble form of mROL, its prosequence was supposed to support the refolding of mROL in vitro (77). R. delemar lipase was also expressed as inactive and insoluble forms in the cytoplasm of E. coli BL21(DE3) using plasmid vector pE T11d (74). In order to achieve soluble production in E. coli, Di Lorenzo et al. (82) used a reductase-deficient host strain, E. coli Origami(DE3), which greatly enhance disulfide bond formation in the E. coli cytoplasm, and pET-11d as expression systems, yielded correctly folded and active mROL and ProROL only in the cytoplasm fraction. Although the specific activities of mROL and ProROL are comparable, the yield of ProROL (166U/mL) was higher than that of mROL (82). S. cerevisiae as host In contrast to E. coli expression system, eukaryotic expression system (eg. P. pastoris, S. cerevisiae) has the advantage of secretion into the cell culture supernatant, avoiding cell disruption, and post-translational modifications, including glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. Takahashi et al. (78) reported the production of the active R. oryzae lipase (ROL) by S. cerevisiae. When the ProROL gene fused with S. cerevisiae ÃŽ ±-factor signal sequence was expressed in S. cerevisiae using UPR-ICL as a promoter, two forms of ROL, ProROL (46 kDa) and r28ROL (35 kDa) having 28 amino acids of the prosequence, were secreted into the culture medium, but the activity of mROL was not detected in both the medium and cells (78). The N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the processed form r28ROL was cleaved by Kex2-like protease in S. cerevisiae at the recognition site KR in the prosequence (78). The independent production of two different molecular forms of ROL was succe ssfully obtained using Kex2-engineered strains of S. cerevisiae (83). The amounts of enzyme secreted were estimated as 78.8 mg/l broth for ProROL and 38.3 mg/l broth for r28ROL. These two forms of ROL exhibited distinct properties. ProROL were more thermostable than the processed lipase r28ROL (83), which was also observed in the case of R. niveus lipase expressed in S. cerevisiae (84). The expressed R. niveus lipase activity in the culture supernatant reached 1600 U/mL, a value equivalent to 0.2~0.3 g lipase protein per 1 liter of culture supernatant (72). The role of the prosequence of ROL was further analyzed in S. cerevisiae. When mROL was co-expressed in trans with the prosequence fused to the pre-alpha-factor leader sequence, the activity of mROL was recovered, suggested that the covalent linkage of the prosequence to the mROL was not necessary for the function (85) (86) . From the expression of the ROL mutants with deletions at the N-terminal end of the prosequence together w ith mROL in trans, the residues from 20 to 37 in the prosequence were essential for the secretion, and those from 38 to 57 were essential for the formation of the active ROL and might play a role as an intramolecular chaperone (86). Apart from extracellular expression, R. oryzae lipase was also successfully displayed on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae with a lipase activity of 350.6 U/L (87-89). P. pastoris as host On the contrary to S. cerevisiae expression system when the prolipase gene from R. arrhizus was expressed in P. pastoris, only the mature lipase attached with 28 amino acids of the carboxy-terminal part of the prosequence was secreted in the supernatant (Niu, Li et al. 2006). Prolipase with complete prosequence was nearly found in the supernatant which may be the result that the activity of Kex2-like protease was higher in P. pastoris than in S. cerevisiae (Niu, Li et al. 2006). Interestingly, expression of the prolipase gene from R. chinensis in P. pastors produced two forms of lipase, mature lipase attached with 27 amino acids of the prosequence (r27RCL) and mature lipase (mRCL) (Yu, Wang et al. 2009). At the early stage of fermentation, the recombinant P. pastors produced only r27RCL, which was gradually degraded into mRCL along with the fermentation, probably processed by serine proteases presented in the culture medium (Yu, Wang et al. 2009). For R. oryzae lipase, r28ROL was als o observed to convert to mature lipase gradually incubated at 0-6  °C for a few days (Sayari, Frikha et al. 2005, Hama, Tamalampudi et al. 2006). It has been reported that the prosequence from R. chinensis lipases was more efficient than that from ROL in the role of facilitating the folding and secretion of an active lipase (Yu, Sha et al. 2013). The activity of the chimeric lipase from R. oryzae by replacing the prosequence with that from R. chinensis reached 4050 U/mL, which was 11 fold higher than that of the parent expressed in P. pastoris (Yu, Sha et al. 2013). mROL activity expressed in S. cerevisiae was not detected (Ueda, Takahashi et al. 2002), whereas mROL was functionally expressed and secreted in P. pastoris (Beer, McCarthy et al. 1998) (Minning, Schmidt-Dannert et al. 1998). The expression of mROL was compared under different regulated promoters (Serrano 2002) (Cos, Resina et al. 2005) (Resina, Serrano et al. 2004), i.e. alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (PAOX), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (PGAP) and the formaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 promoter (PFLD1). Expression of the mature form of ROL under the constitutive PGAP promoter resulted in extremely low extracellular lipase levels (Serrano 2002). PAOX is highly induced during growth on methanol, but tightly repressed during growth of the yeast on most common carbon sources such as glucose, glycerol or ethanol, while PFLD1 allows the design of methanol-free culture strategies, being methylamine a less volatile and flammable inducer. Valero and co-authors (Resina, Cos et al. 2005) (Cos, Resina et al. 2005) successfully expressed mROL in P. pastoris under the PFLD1 promoter using methylamine as nitrogen and sorbitol as carbon source. The productivity under PFLD1 promoter are comparable to the classic PAOX system (Resina, Cos et al. 2005) (Cos, Resina et al. 2005). However, limitationsincurrent knowledgein the regulation of methylamine metabolism in P. pastoris limit thedesignof efficientfermentationstrategies using PFLD1 promoter. The presence of multiple integrated copies of a desired expression cassette has been reported to be an important factor in increasing foreign protein production in P. pastoris (Cos, Serrano et al. 2005). The high-level expression of R. chinensis lipase was achieved by optimization of the lipase gene copy number in the host strain P. pastoris (Sha, Yu et al. 2013). Among 1, 3, 5 and 6-copy strains, the maximum lipase activity reached 12,500 U/mL in 5-cope strain, which was 6.2-fold higher than that in 1-copy strain (Sha, Yu et al. 2013). Maximizing gene copy number sometimes resulted in a decreased final productivity yield (Sha, Yu et al. 2013) or a negative effect on cell growth (Cos, Serrano et al. 2005), which indicated stress effects of Rhizopus lipases overexpression upon P. pastoris cells. Recent transcriptomic-based studies (Sha, Yu et al. 2013) (Resina, Bollok et al. 2007) strongly suggest that heterologous overexpression of Rhizopus lipases in P. pastoris indeed triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, co-expression of certain chaperons could relief the cell stress caused by foreign protein overexpression. The productivity of R. chinensis lipase in P. pastoris was improved by co-expression with ERO1p and PDI (Kumar, Jahan et al. 2013) (Sha, Yu et al. 2013). These two chaperons are involved in the protein disulfide bond formation pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum, thus chaperon co-expression contribute to the relief of the protein overexpression stress in recombinant P. pastoris (Kumar, Jahan et al. 2013) (Sha, Yu et al. 2013). Co-expression of unfolded protein response transcriptional factor (Hac1) resulted in about a 3-fold increase in the overall specific productivity of mROL in P. pastoris while the deletion of GAS1, required for the cell wall assembly, achieved 4-fold increase. And the double mutant HAC1/Δgas1 strain yielded about a 7-fold increase (Resina, Maurer et al. 2009). Novel genetic factors enhancing heterologous protei n secretion in P. pastoris have been identified on the basis of transcriptomic analyses (Gasser, Sauer et al. 2007), which give a new insight into engineering P. pastoris for heterologous expression of foreign proteins. Another factor that should be considered for expression optimization is the Mut phenotype. When single copy mROL was expressed in P. pastoris under control of PAOX, the Maximal lipase activity (205U/mL), the specific production rate (qp, 63 U/gbiomass/h ) and the yield of lipase activity per biomass unit (YP/X, 5775U/gbiomass) by Muts strain were 1.37-, 1.29- and 2.34-fold higher than those by Mut+ strain, while the productivity (2246 U/L/h) by Muts strain was 1.34-fold lower than that by Mut+ strain (Cos, Serrano et al. 2005). For R. chinensis prolipase expressed in P. pastoris, Muts strain exibited 1.4-fold higher activity than that of Mut+ phenotype (Yu, Wang et al. 2009). Muts is not as sensitive as Mut+ to high transient methanol concentrations which make the bioprocess easier to control and enables scale up. However, Muts phenotype fermentation results in long induction times with low growth rates (Arnau, Casas et al. 2011). Different strategies have been implemented in the production of R. oryzae lipase under the PAOX promoter in P. pastoris Mut+ phenotype, eg. dissolved oxygen control (DO-stat), methanol limited fed-batch (MLFB, control of the substrate concentration close to zero), methanol non-limited fed-batch (MNLFB, maintenance of the substrate concentration at a constant value), as well as temperature limited fed-batch (TLFB). The MNLFB strategy for ROL expression led to 20–30 h reduction in the production time, a 11-fold higher final lipolytic activity, a 13.6-fold higher productivity and a 10.3-fold higher specific productivity compared to the DO-stat strategy (Minning, Serrano et al. 2001). After optimization of methanol concentration, the activity of Rhizopus chinensis lipase reached 2130 U/mL by maintaining methanol concentration at 1 g/L controlled by an on-line methanol analyzer (Wu, Yu et al. 2011). One of the main drawbacks of P. pastoris Mut+ phenotype is the high oxygen demand i n high cell density cultures using MNLFB strategy (Cos, Serrano et al. 2005). A TLFB strategy was thereafter applied to solve oxygen transfer limitations (Surribas, Stahn et al. 2007). Barrigà ³n et al. (Manuel Barrigon, Luis Montesinos et al. 2013) compared MLFB and MNLFB strategies for the production of mROL expressed in P. pastoris. Yields, productivities and specific production rate in all MLFB conditions were very low. Best results were obtained by MNLFB strategy at methanol set-point of 3 g/L, under which condition maximum lipase activity, productivity and specific productivity reached 280 U/mL, 5406 U/L/h, 102 U/g/h, respectively (Manuel Barrigon, Luis Montesinos et al. 2013) . Due to low specific growth rate of Muts phenotype, strategies to use mixed carbon sources in the induction phase are applied to improve the expression levels of mROL and to increase the productivity of the bioprocess. Glycerol and sorbitol are both frequently used as co-substrates. When glycerol was used as co-substrate, one of the key advantages is its higher ÃŽ ¼ (0.18 h−1 versus 0.02 h−1) compared with sorbitol. However, when the relation ÃŽ ¼Gly per ÃŽ ¼MeOH was larger than 4, a significant decrease of YP/X, volumetric and specific productivity was observed due to the repression of glycerol (Arnau, Casas et al. 2011). The sorbitol as an excellent non-repressive carbon source avoids the severe decrease of the specific production rate and it permits to achieve higher mROL production (Arnau, Ramon et al. 2010) (Ramon, Ferrer et al. 2007). During the induction stage, the ammonium ion released into the fermentation broth has a deep impact on cell growth and protein expression. In our previous study, the impact of NH4+ concentration on the expression of the R. oryzae chimeric lipase in P. pastoris co-expressed with ERO1p and PDI was investigated (Yu, Lu et al. 2013). Analysis of carbon metabolism and energy regeneration pattern revealed that under the optimum NH4+ concentration of 440 mmol/L more carbon source (methanol) was consumed with surged AOX activity and then the higher energy and amino acid precursors demand for recombinant protein synthesis is compensated for by the TCA cycle. Under the optimum NH4+ concentration the lipase activity reached 12,019 U/mL, which was 1.7-fold higher than that without supplement of NH4+ (Yu, Lu et al. 2013). It was also useful for other recombinant protein expression in P. pastoris by addition of inorganic nitrogen source (Kobayashi, Kuwae et al. 2000) (Zhang, Wang et al. 2008) (Yan g and Zhou 2004).

El Nino and La Nina :: essays research papers

What are El Nino and La Nina? El Nino and La Nina are unusual weather patterns that form in the period of 10 months. El Nino and La Nina both impact climates all around the world, each different in countries and regions. Normal weather patterns are when low atmospheric pressure is over northern Australia and Indonesia, and when high atmospheric pressure is over the Pacific Ocean. Winds move east to west over the Pacific. The east flows of the trade winds carries the warm surface waters to the west, and bring rainstorms to Indonesia and northern Australia. To the coast of Ecuador and Peru, warm surface water is pulled west, and the cold water beneath pulls up to replace it. This is called an upwelling. An El Nino happens in intervals of 3-7 years. The formation of this is related to the Pacific Southern Oscillation which is also the cycling of the Pacific Ocean circulation. The Pacific Southern Oscillation (the change of atmospheric pressures) happens when the easterly trade winds collapse, weaken, or even reverse. As this happens, the upwelling stops. The slight weakening of the winds cause a small change in sea surface temperatures, and the wind and pressure changes increase. The warm water of the western Pacific Ocean flow eastward and sea surface temperatures increase on the western coast of South America. When this occurs, the wet weather conditions (originally in the western Pacific) move east, and dry conditions (normally in the east) appear in the west. During El Nià ±o?s in the Pacific Northwest, the amount of precipitation greatly decreases, the winter temperatures get milder, and winter has below-average precipitation. Some economical and environmental impacts are that erosion is increasing due to severe storm surges, concerns that property built on low-lying areas or on top of unstable bluffs possibly be flooded or threatened by landslides due to regional climate changes, and various salmon species potentially endangered. In California, during El Nino?s they get extreme precipitation and snowfalls. Economical and environmental impacts are heavy precipitation, damage from debris flows or mudslides, and floods from the rain. El Nino seasons in Peru bring so much rainfall that there is now a lake made from the rain, compared to the desert it once was. Several economical and environmental impacts from El Nino include massive floods or mudslides, and since Peru lives in a cold-water zone, it carries many fish that are caught and so ld commercially, but during El Nino, a layer of warm water covers the nutrient-rich east coast waters, abruptly stopping the upwelling and the nutrients fail to come up.

The Most Devastating Lifestyle Disease

Disease concept note: Type 2 diabetesBy:College:Course:Professor:Date:Type 2 diabetesDiabetes has been named as one of the most devastating lifestyle disease on the globe. Unlike other diseases caused by lifestyle practices like cancer; it has no curative medicine. If affected one is advised to maintain a strict prescribed routine and medication to help return body cells to their normal functioning. Only two types of diabetes exist and both have the same causes. Apart from Glucose levels; insulin levels dictated by livers production in ones bloodstream that dictate if he or she affected with either type of diabetes strains. In type 2; better as diabetes mellitus, the glucose measure in blood is comparatively high to the insulin to counter it in the blood stream. Insulin is a fluid originating from the liver to facilitate the intake of processed glycogen into all body tissues, glucose is essential as it acts like the fuel that make all the vital organs function. Surprisingly, the two types of diabetes have same origins and use almost the same treatments. A slight disparity is only noticed when two patients in question come from distinct age brackets. If so, there treatment differs. It is mostly adults above 41 years that get the disease due to inactivity and obesity. If exhibited in children the cause is usually narrowed to one hence treatment becomes easy.Signs and Symptomsfrequent thirst and urination When glucose builds up in the body, tissues usually become dehydrated because the glucose will be sucking water from them too maintain it aqueous state. In effect the patient will feel dehydrated, drink water frequently and urinate all the time.Increased hunger; if the tissues exhibit prolonged resistance to insulin, their glucose levels will gradually decrease and this will culminate their inactivity. They will send hunger triggers to the brain and the affected patient will be compelled to feel hungry from time to time.Weight loss; if tissues in the body resist insulin all the time, the body will adjust naturally by slowly burning the glycogen deposits in muscles into glucose. This will lead to a drastic loss of body weight. General body weakness and fatigue; these effects are caused by prolonged hunger and weight loss. The muscles in limbs will be dehydrated and the patient will frequently feel tiredBlurred vision; the body will naturally tend to dehydrate other body organs to stabilize its level of manufactured glucose running in the blood. The eye balls will be dehydrated; this will be followed by an uncomfortable itchy and eventually a blurred vision.Slow scab formation on injuries and sores; high sugar levels hamper the production of heparin; the effect being reduction coagulation. After this; untreated wounds and sores will take long to heal if not heal at all. Acanthosis; this is the appearance of dark spots and skin fold and creases. High Sugar level will cause the body defense system to become weak and the patient will have an altered skin appearance due to fungal and bacterial inhibitionCausesLifestyle; One's lifestyle is always pivotal to how his body functions, if one fat and sugar consumption has risen then he or she is more likely to experience devastating effect of diabetes mellitus. Generic trait transfer; If from the patients lineage there has been history of the diseases then it is more likely that that the disease was inherited.Insulin resistance: when tissues in the body frequently resist insulin, the likelihood of type 2 diabetes to take effect increases. As the absorption rate of glucose reduces the chances of disease creeping in skyrockets. ComplicationsWhen type 2 diabetes goes is not stabilized or of the treatment does not work then the following complications will appear. Note; these complications may appear gradually, or sporadically.Atheroscherosis; it is the hardening and tightening of blood vessels. When blood sugar levels rise they will corrode then clog the walls of veins. This may lead to insensitivity of limbs.Cardiovascular disease; the effect of glucose clogging the walls of blood veins is that the lumen will narrow and blood will pressure will increase. The later consequence of this is heart attack, stroke and eventually death.Neuropathy; high sugar levels cause severe injury on capillaries. he effect of this are tingly, burning, numbness or pain feeling arising from the feet up to other body organs in the thorax. Kidney damage; delicate capillaries located in the kidneys will be damaged and the blood filtration process will halt causing the kidney to fail.RemediesThere is no curative medicine for the disease and medicine is only prescribed to help calm the effects or hasten some the healing process. The below remedies are given as recommendations as they only touch on the patient's lifestyle.Diet check; a diabetic patient must be cautious of the fat and sugar levels in his meal. Foods that have cholesterol, trans fat, and saturated fats should avoided at all costs.Regular exercise; this helps reduce the fat level in blood. Excess fat makes body tissues resistant to insulin. Exercise will also maintain the blood flow in one's body. It doesn't have to vigorous; a 30 minute a day is enough.Weight check; drastic weight loss is a sign of the disease advancing and weight gain to uninfected people increases the infection risk. These are enough reasons to keep ones weight in check. Regular medical checkup; glucose tests should be done regularly to ascertain the sugar levels in ones blood. It is only by the checkups that a patient will monitor the progress of the disease.ReferencesSource of symptoms and signs of type 2 diabeteshttps://www.mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/type-2-diabets/symptoms-causes/Source of causes and remedies type 2 diabeteshttps://www.everydaydiseases.com/heart-health/heart-disease-and-diabetics

The Importance of Gaining Knowledge Essay - 838 Words

The phrase â€Å"Knowledge is Power† is carved into the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Inside one can find artifacts from centuries past and present. Throughout the many rooms divided by time periods and world powers, there are numerous relics depicting the differences between class systems and how knowledge has increased throughout the ages. The increase of knowledge can be linked to the success and power of each world power. Likewise, books highlight these same differences and link learning and knowledge to freedom and success. There are also many examples that concentrate on the connection between social class and the ability to gain knowledge. In the â€Å"Land of Opportunity†, James W. Loewen emphasizes the tie between class†¦show more content†¦Similarly, the Count of Monte Cristo was in a lower social class and unjustly imprisoned. But, while in prison, he was able to increase his range of knowledge. He considered the knowledge he w as gaining as a treasure even more valuable than monetary possessions. He says, â€Å"My real treasure is†¦the rays of intelligence you [the Abbà ©] have elicited from my brain† (Dumas 221). In both cases, Douglass and the Count of Monte Cristo compared knowledge to something as necessary as bread, or valuable as treasure. They focus on knowledge as the means to escape, which inadvertently gave each of them power. Their individual determination and desire to use power from knowledge gave them the strength to defy the social barriers and succeed. This contrasts to the idea Loewen emphasizes when saying, â€Å"Social class is probably the single most important variable in society† (Loewen 203). A desire to use knowledge to gain power, which can then be used in beneficial ways, plays another role in resisting social barriers. Power can be a dangerous thing at times. Throughout the centuries, there have been many individuals with vast knowledge and power. But, as the artifacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art show, not all have used their power in beneficial ways. History attests to that detail, and has shown much power has been used to create social classes in the first place. Loewen agrees with this claim and notes that history textbooks intentionally leave thisShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Ancient Literature700 Words   |  3 Pagesmanifested during the Warring States period (circa 475 -221 BCE). Confucius’s conviction that the political chaos he perceived around him could be avoided by returning to the moral values of the founders of the Zhou Dynasty. â€Å"His emphasis on the importance of social roles and rituals could reinforce existing hierarchies, but at the same time it allowed individuals to develop their inner potential and find a meaningful place in society† (p.1132). Conscious finally returned to Lu and lived out hisRead MoreWikipedia is an Evolving, Online Encyclopedia Website1798 Words   |  7 Pagesman, gaining knowledge is hard work due to the time and effort needed to acquire knowledge (Blum, S., 2008). Literate man has grown up learning and gaining knowledge through a slow process since he would have to physically read books, encyclopedias and articles. Literate man learns through reading and expressing his knowledge through writing, whereas digital natives display this process by gaining knowledge on the Internet. Digital natives practice this style of learning on Wikipedia by gaining knowledgeRead MoreEssay Business Negotiations 1648 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness negotiations may have more importance or personal negotiations may have more importance. However, business negotiations, and personal negotiations are intertwining. Business negotiations can have an influence on personal negotiations and personal negotiation can influence bu siness negotiations. Experiences through business negotiations, even if subconsciously, often determine the outcomes of personal negotiations. One may not realize the importance of business negations in the personalRead MoreKnowledge is Power for Success Essay574 Words   |  3 Pagesour society†. If we don’t consider learning and knowledge as a necessity pursing a college career is pointless. At a young age my grandmother drilled the importance of knowledge into me. Instead of giving toys on Christmas she gave books and told me education was the one thing no one could take from me. The value of learning is significant to me because of my grandmother. The desire of gaining something new each day is the greatest gift of knowledge. In order to obtain this gift you must engage toRead MoreWhy Is Knowledge Important Than Knowledge? Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In gaining knowledge, each area of knowledge uses a network of ways of knowing.† Discuss this Statement with reference to two areas of knowledge. â€Å"I believe in intuition and inspiration. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Forknowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution. It is, strictly speaking, a real factor in scientific research.† - Albert Einstein The above lines were quoted by Albert Einstein which states theRead MoreA Liberal Education Matters By Michael S. Roth1067 Words   |  5 Pagesbiased opinion, on the importance of a liberal arts education. To Roth, a liberal education is an education that immerses the student in vast knowledge of a variety of humanity subjects. As the president of Wesleyan University, Roth full heartedly believes in a liberal education, and supports his argument by referring to famous thinkers since the establishment of the United States; however, Roth includes drawbacks to a liberal education to furthermore establish its importance. These thinkers, includingRead MoreAnalysis Of Frederick Douglass s The Slave Of The Human Beings 914 Words   |  4 Pagesperiod, under the pathetic slavery system. As one of the most influential black lecturer and orator in American history, Douglass wrote down his own experiences as a former slave in the style of narrative. His words demonstrate that leaning or gaining knowledge is the most important thing led to freedom for black people in his time. Mr. Douglass’s narrative records his growth from a ignorant and helpless child slave to a wise and brave racism fighter. All the story began with Douglass’s uncertainRead MoreHow A Network Is The Ways Of Knowing1296 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In gaining knowledge, each area of knowledge uses a network of ways of knowing.† By looking at the arts and history, we can see that to gain knowledge is necessary to use a network of ways of knowing but depending on the area they are applied differently. The art has all of the ways of knowing present but depending on the situation some of them can be applied more than others. The same happens with history, the ways of knowing are all present but they are applied differently depending on the circumstanceRead MoreEducation Is A Way Of Knowledge Acquired, Skills Gained, And Habits Formed1266 Words   |  6 PagesEducation is a way of learning in which knowledge acquired, skills gained, and habits formed are passed from one person to the next via teaching, training, research or simply through auto didacticism. It generally occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way we think, feel, or act (Wikipedia). Education is simply learning forms of proper manners and conduct, the process of gaining knowledge, and being technically competent in a specific field. It involves cultivation of theRead MoreGaining Knowledge from Experience Essay796 Words   |  4 Pageseveryone’s goal to acquire as much knowledge as they can because it generally leads to satisfaction in their life. Experience allows to better understand oneself and the surrounding world. Faust and Michel Montaigne highlight the importance of learning from experiences and what occurs without this learning. Because of their work, learning through experiences is known to be very effective and therefore is incorporated into many teaching techniques. Gaining knowledge from experiences helps to unlock

The Effects Of Negative Effects On Obama Health Care System

American Health Care System: An Analysis of Negative Effects on Obama Health Care Reformation America is an inclusive country at least about healthcare expenditure. The Americans spend much more than other rich country around the world, but they do not achieve more for it. They receive about the same health consequences but do not take care of everybody like other rich countries cover and healthcare system expense in the United States (U.S.) is extremely high. Even though much higher spending, the U.S. performance in view of quality of health care is quite excellent among many countries. Some people may support Obama healthcare, in another words Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), because they think it will improve the†¦show more content†¦Dialectics means the conflict is a natural phenomenon and will occur in society because of opposing forces within social and structural classifications. In the United States, some would think that healthcare is not a lack of resource because of the number of medical schools, doctors, and the large amount of medical technology. However, it is not a shortage of medical workers or technology, but the problems exist in the area of access to the essential resources. If people do not have a healthcare insurance or their health insurance does not deal with enough of their required medical spending, then they are compelled to spend their own money. The capitalists consider the healthcare services as necessary goods because they are the ones who decide how healthcare resources would be distributed to people. However, people who are working in lower classes often struggle to satisfy their most basic healthcare necessity. A serious sickness can easily bring about bankruptcy to a hardworking family. It might be argued that because the ruling class needs hard workers to achieve the assigned labors so that the ruling or upper class can become wealthier, taking advantage of healthy workers would be useful. If employees are unhealthy, they cannot be able to work as much as possible, and will not make any high quality merchandises as the healthy groups do. Obama Health Care Insurance Reformation and A Public Issue Briefly, the main

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

The symbolism of a book can be a great but yet so small as in the form of a color. In the Great Gatsby, minor things have great importance. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald made sure to give great importance to minor details like color and objects. While the theme of the story is that anyone can gain the American Dream the fast or illegal way but always with a consequence, Fitzgerald put great importance into colors and objects. With the most common colors of green, white and yellow showing the corruption part of gaining the American Dream. From false purity, to desires, to even death, there are many risks in gaining the American Dream. For someone to chase for an American Dream the illegal way, they all must have some kind of great desire to go to such extremes. For that idea, Fitzgerald made sure to symbolise the desires of the characters throughout the color green. The example for the use of the color green would be Jay Gatsby. Throughout the novel, Gatsby has always been provincial. One of the only reasons he wanted to get rich fast is to be able to please his true desire to complete his American Dream, Daisy. Gatsby is always looking towards the green light at the end of the dock of Daisy’s house representing his desire for Daisy everyday as proven in the quote of Nick seeing not yet known Gatsby at the end of the dock. â€Å"He stretched out his arms towards the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could of sworn he was trembling.Show MoreRelatedSymbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1440 Words   |  6 Pages Katelyn Sullivan Professor Cahan College Writing (CUL-221624-01X) 30 November 2015 Symbolism in The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is considered one of the greatest American novels ever written. A major aspect of the story is its symbolism, which is depicted through Fitzgerald’s views regarding American society in the 1920’s. Two significant elements of symbolism include, the green light and the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg. Each component to the storyline isRead MoreSymbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1764 Words   |  8 PagesSymbolism always plays an important role in literature. F. Scott Fitzgerald heavily uses symbolism in the novel The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald uses specific symbols as a vehicle to drive the main themes throughout the novel. Carelessness of the upper class, false appearances versus reality, and disillusionment of the American dream are all important themes Fitzgerald portrays through his use of symbolism. The use of symbolism throughout the novel The Great Gatsby is key in advancing and uniting theRead MoreSymbolism O f The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1130 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism is commonly used in literature to change or deepen meanings or instill a different meaning to the mind of the readers. The reader is forced to think, make connections, and succeed in adding a new meaning to the novel. F. Scott Fitzgerald is a master of hiding deeper meanings behind a text as clearly showcased in the novel The Great Gatsby. The â€Å"iceberg theory† describes that only around 20% of the story is directly revealed through text. In comparison to an actual iceberg, that is usuallyRead MoreSymbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1060 Words   |  5 Pages1, 2015 Symbolism â€Å"The Great Gatsby† written by F. Scott Fitzgerald takes place during the roaring 20’s, an especially great time for the wealthy. Symbolism is used thoroughly throughout the book to allow us to see how differently people see things and how we are affected by certain things that are out of our control. The color green is used to make us aware of money, wealth, even the future such as the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock. Here it symbolizes the future that Gatsby hopes to resumeRead More Symbolism in The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald1628 Words   |  7 PagesSymbolism in The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby is a classic American novel, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1927 about corruption, murder and life in the 1920’s. The true purpose for a writer to compose any piece of literature is to entertain the reader, and this writer does this to the best of his ability. In this well-crafted tale, Fitzgerald presents a fast moving, exciting story, and to any typical reader it can be enjoyed; however, if the reader takes the timeRead MoreSymbolisms in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesA few symbolisms in novels are as memorable as the green light in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Shining at the end of Daisy’s dock, it is close enough to be seen, but too far away to be reached. Still, Gatsby, an eternal optimist, stares at it at night, as if it showed him that all his far-away dreams were about to come true. The green light in The Great Gatsby is symbolic of hope, a source of inspiration, and a representation o f the American Dream to Gatsby and to the novel’s readers.Read MoreColors and Symbolism in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1290 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism is the use of symbols to supply things with a representative meaning or to represent something abstract by an existing object. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, colours are used to symbolize a person’s inner thoughts and feelings. Colours, such as green, white are used to find ones true feelings; while others use colours to hide their true persona. Colour symbolism is used to convey a deeper message to the readers and help us understand the characters true colours. Read MoreSymbolism And Symbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald993 Words   |  4 PagesH English 10 December 2012 In every piece of great literature authors use symbols to convey a feeling or thought. The novel, For example, Lord the Flies, William Golding memorably uses a conch shell to represent order and the destruction of order. Or in To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee uses the physical and metaphoric sense of the mockingbird to convey the idea of innocence and the loss of innocence. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald employs the use of symbols to enhance a tragic taleRead MoreSymbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1725 Words   |  7 Pagesof names further the motif of geography by using them as symbolism to represent some of the aspects in the American society at the time of the 1920s. East Egg symbolizes those from the old days, the West Egg represent those who have or are seeking financial opportunity and are known as â€Å"new money†. the valley of ashes represents the moral, social decay, and financial chaos of the American society at this time. 2.The symbol that Fitzgerald used as the outward manifestation of Gatsby’s wealth is hisRead MoreSymbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald901 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism of Color in Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby was portrayed as one of the greatest novels in American History. But, it is also analyzed as having multiple lenses. This book has been broken down into a ton of symbolisms and it has also been analyzed for every character. The book The Great Gatsby communicates symbolism with the many colors the story line uses and the different way portrays these colors through the settings and plots. The color green is related back to hope. â€Å"He (Gatsby) stretched

Culture, Crime, and Deviance Essay Example For Students

Culture, Crime, and Deviance Essay A society and its people are thought to be defined by their culture. Often times we will recognize a locations culture, as expressed through the peoples who interact within the same general public, and then consequently we associate a geographic region with the culture we see conveyed. This can mean that a certain culture is more easily recognizable than the country or area that it resides in. But what exactly is culture? Culture can briefly be defined as the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning (Schwimmer). This definition covers a broad subject, not only does it include all beliefs and institutions of a society, it also involves the past, present, and future of a civilization by stating that culture is passed through all generations. However, since this is a paper and not a textbook, I will only discuss the relationship between culture, and a personal viewpoint, on criminal and deviant activities. Being an active member of the American culture, I feel that a large number of sources and institutions have had a role in shaping my ideas about crime and deviance. Parents and family, school and education, religion, friends, television, and the rest of the mass media (including newspapers, movies, magazines, books, video games, etc. all impact a persons beliefs on the crime and punishment system our governing body has laid out. The most prevalent factor I believe is a persons parents. The very first lesson a person receives in deviant behavior comes at a very young age. They perform an action that their mother disapproves of (breaking a vase, spilling some milk, or destroying a toy), and they are subsequently scolded and punished in some manner. They may be yelled at, spanked, or even worse, sent to time-out in the corner of a room. Such an incident marks the first time someone learns about crime and punishment. They did something that society in general does not agree with as a sensible activity, and so they are subject to personal misery/pain at the hands of a figure that is in control of your well-being. As you grow older and into an adult, you absorb information along the way as to what is not acceptable behavior, and how harshly an individual will be punished for partaking in such behavior. However, not everyone grows up with the exact same views on what constitutes a criminal activity. There are subtle differences that vary from person to person. There are practices that are inherently wrong to a culture (i. e. murder, rape), while there are also activities that are less severe and some people feel are wrong and some feel are acceptable (i. e. littering, loitering, graffiti, and public nudity). While the laws of our country/culture may define some of these actions as criminal, many may feel they are simply deviant or even not a problem at all. Personally, when I was younger I would skateboard almost everyday. Because of this fact, I do not feel that trespassing is a criminal offence, and hardly even consider it deviant. I would not feel that trespassing was deviant at all if it was not for the police always informing me that it was and that I need to leave the premises immediately or Ill be arrested. Furthermore, police would accuse me of being responsible for any graffiti that was in the area I was skateboarding in. Such an accusation angered me, so I now hold a grudge against graffiti artists and feel that vandalizing is a criminal act. Another example of my opinion on criminal vs. deviant behavior that I have picked up from my upbringing is my view on underage drinking. .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c , .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c .postImageUrl , .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c , .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c:hover , .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c:visited , .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c:active { border:0!important; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c:active , .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua389b84509e9e276f5b6eb7244d3c86c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teenage Years Are Depressing EssayFrom about age 16-20, I played in bands that played the majority of their gigs at bars. We were almost always paid in booze, and no one really asked questions about if I was 21 or not. Because I am so used to underage drinking, I feel that such an act is more deviant that it is criminal. Such small occurrences in my life play a role in whether I identify an activity as criminal or deviant. Any act that the government recognizes as punishable triggers a memory in my head. It is either what I learned in school and do not have an actual real-life familiarity with, or it is a personal experience that I can identify with. From there, I can form an idea of whether or not I think that the act is criminal or deviant. According to my personal views, some examples of deviant activity include: stalking, public drunkenness/urination, non-deadly fights, jaywalking, and drug use/possession. On the other hand I find many acts to be criminal, such as: possession of a deadly weapon, murder, theft, driving under the influence of whatever, child pornography, and copyright infringement. So the big question is: what is the cause of crime? The answer is dependant on the person and their own personal views on crime and deviance that they have allocated during the course of their life. For example, someone who feels that drugs should be legal will say that prohibition is the cause. A psychologist may say that its caused by a criminals psyche that was somehow damaged in the past. And a biologist might tell you it is genetic. And a socialist would probably say that greed causes crime. In the end, crime, deviance, and what causes it all will change no matter how you talk to, even if they are part of the same vast culture as you.